- Anatomy
- Conditions
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Ankle Pain

Ankle pain refers to any form of pain or discomfort affecting the ankle joint. Your ankles bear the weight of your entire body and play a unique role during human locomotion with very intricate anatomy that need to work in harmony to prevent pain and/or instability.
Ankle Sprain

A sprain is the stretching or tearing of ligaments. Ligaments connect adjacent bones and provide stability to a joint. An ankle sprain is a common injury that occurs when you suddenly fall or twist the ankle joint, or when you land your foot in an awkward position after a jump. Most commonly, it occurs when you participate in sports, or jump or run on a surface that is irregular.
Ankle Ligament Injury

An ankle ligament injury, also known as an ankle sprain, can be caused by a sudden twisting movement of the foot during any athletic event or during daily activities. When stretched beyond its limit, the ligament may partially or completely tear. The injury can range from mild to severe, depending on the condition of the injured ligament and the number of ligaments involved.
Ankle Impingement

The ankle is made up of many bones, muscles, and ligaments that aid in the smooth movement of the foot. Ankle impingement is the painful limitation of movement of the ankle due to an abnormality in the soft tissue or bone. Impingement can occur in the ankle's front (anterior ankle impingement) or back (posterior ankle impingement).
Achilles Tendon Rupture

The Achilles tendon is a strong fibrous cord present behind the ankle that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. It is used when you walk, run and jump. The Achilles tendon ruptures most often in athletes participating in sports that involve running, pivoting and jumping. Recreational sports that may cause Achilles rupture include tennis, football, basketball, and gymnastics.
Plantar Fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis refers to the inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that is present at the bottom of the foot. It runs from the heel bone to the toes and forms the arch of your foot. Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common causes of heel pain.
Ankle Fractures

Ankle injuries are very common in athletes and individuals performing physical work; often resulting in severe pain and impaired mobility. Pain after ankle injuries can either be from a torn ligament (ankle sprain) or broken bone (ankle fracture). An ankle fracture is a painful condition where there is a break in one or more bones forming the ankle joint.
Ankle Instability

The joints of the ankle are held in place and stabilized by strong bands of tissue called ligaments. Ankle instability is a chronic condition characterized by a recurrent slipping of the outer side of the ankle. It usually results from repeated ankle sprains, which are injuries to the ligaments. Ankle instability is generally noticed when you move your ankle joint but can also occur while standing.
Shin Splints

Shin splints or medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is pain around the tibia or shinbone due to inflammation of the tendons and muscles that attach to bone. It occurs because of vigorous exercises and sports activities.
Bunion

A bunion, also known as hallux valgus, is a bony protuberance that appears on the inner surface of the big toe when it angles toward the adjacent second toe. It is often accompanied by redness and swelling in this area attributed to inflammation of the local soft tissues from deformity and pressure typically from constrictive shoe wear.
Hammertoe

A hammertoe is a deformity of a lesser toe (second through fifth toes), where the toe is bent upward at the toe’s middle joint. The bent portion may rub against the shoe causing pain, irritation and develop corns. This condition is caused by wearing shoes that are too tight or narrow near the toes, a progressive imbalance between the muscles and tendons that move the toes, and certain neuromuscular conditions.
Turf Toe

Turf toe is an injury to the ligament at the base of the big toe. It is a painful condition that usually results from jamming the toe into the ground or excessive backward bending of the toe. As it is more common in athletes playing on turf, especially those involved in field sports such as football, baseball, and soccer.
Foot Deformities

Foot deformities are structural abnormalities or misalignments in the bones, muscles, or ligaments of the foot. These deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired due to various factors such as injury, disease, poor footwear, or biomechanical imbalances.
Flatfoot

A flatfoot is normal in the first few years of life as the arch of the foot usually develops between the age of 3 and 5 years. Many people live with a flatfoot their entire life and it does not bother them so there is typically nothing to about it. However, on occasion someone may develop a flatfoot on one side where they didn’t have one before.
Foot and Ankle Trauma

Foot and ankle trauma refers to injuries that most commonly occur during sports, exercise or any other physical activity. Trauma may be a result of accidents, poor training practices or use of improper gear. An ankle injury is the most common sports-related injury; but you don't necessarily have to be an athlete to injure your ankle, as walking on uneven surface can result in a twisting injury.
Lisfranc (Midfoot) Fracture

The Lisfranc joint or tarsometatarsal joint refers to the region in the middle of the foot. It is a junction between the tarsal bones (bones in the foot arch) and metatarsal bones (five long bones in the foot). Lisfranc fractures can occur due to a fall from a height or a traumatic motor vehicle accident.
Foot and Ankle Arthritis

Arthritis is the inflammation of joints as a result of degeneration of the smooth cartilage that lines the ends of bones in a joint. This degeneration of the cartilages leads to painful rubbing of the bones, swelling, and stiffness in the joints, resulting in restricted movements. Arthritis in the foot and ankle can occur due to fractures, dislocation, inflammatory disease, or congenital deformity.
Ankle Dislocation

Ankle dislocation is a condition that occurs when the bones of the lower leg called the fibula and tibia get separated from the talus or ankle bone. This can cause serious damage to the soft tissues surrounding the ankle including skin, ligaments, tendons, muscles and nerves. This may lead to a decline in strength and overall health of the foot or ankle if not treated in a timely and appropriate manner.
Sesamoid Fracture

A sesamoid fracture is a break in the sesamoid bone. Sesamoids are two small, pea-shaped bones located in the ball beneath the big toe joint at the bottom of the foot. Sesamoid bones are connected to muscles and other bones by tendons that envelop these bones. Sesamoids help the big toe move normally and absorb the weight placed on the ball.
Foot Inflammation

Foot inflammation is the result of a person’s immune response towards various irritants or injuries to the foot. Based on the type of response, the inflammation can be classified as acute when it occurs suddenly, or chronic, occurring gradually as a result of a long-term disorder.
Foot and Ankle Sports Injuries

Foot and ankle sports injuries are damage sustained to the foot and ankle during sports and exercises. Foot and ankle sports injuries may be either acute (sprains, fractures, tears) or chronic (tendonitis, overuse injury) injuries. Foot and ankle sports injuries typically occur when the foot or lower leg twists unexpectedly while playing sports such as football, basketball, hockey, skating, tennis, and athletic activities
Achilles Tendonitis

Inflammation of the Achilles tendon is known as Achilles tendonitis or tendinitis. The Achilles tendon is a tough band of fibrous tissue that runs down the back of your lower leg and connects your calf muscle to your heel bone. The tendon is used when you walk, climb, jump, run and stand on your tip toes.
Toe Fractures

A fracture is defined as a break in the continuity of the bone when a force against your body is too strong for the bone to bear. A toe fracture is when one or more of the toe bones of the foot are broken after severe trauma to the toes or foot. Toe fractures are commonly divided into 2 types namely, traumatic fracture and stress fracture. Traumatic fractures occur when there is a direct impact of your toes on a hard surface.
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

The tarsal tunnel is a narrow passageway that lies on the inside of your ankle and runs into the foot. It encloses arteries, veins, tendons and nerves that supply the foot. The tunnel holds very limited space as it is formed between bones and overlying fibrous tissues. Within the tarsal tunnel lies and runs a nerve called ‘posterior tibial nerve’.
Jones Fractures

A Jones fracture occurs when there is a break between the base and the shaft of the fifth metatarsal bone in your foot. This is a small region that receives limited blood supply and is prone to fracture. The fifth metatarsal is a long bone that is located on the outside of your foot and connects to the smallest toe. There are five metatarsal bones in each foot and the fifth is the one which is more commonly fractured.